The Rocky Mountain wood tick

CDC. 1975. Studies on Colorado tick fever (CTF) in Colorado., pp. 116-138, Vector-Borne Diseases Division 1975 Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Fort Collins, CO.

CDC. 1976. Colorado tick fever (CTF) studies, pp. 47-72, Vector-Borne Diseases Division 1976 Report. Part I: Arbovirus Reference & Research. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Fort Collins, CO.

Eads, R. B., G. C. Smith, and G. O. Maupin. 1982. A CO₂ platform trap for attracting adult Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colorado. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 84: 342-348.

Eads, R. B., and G. C. Smith. 1983. Seasonal activity and Colorado tick fever virus infection rates in Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari Ixodidae), in north-central Colorado, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 20: 49-55.

Easton, E. R., J. E. Keirans, R. A. Gresbrink, and C. M. Clifford. 1977. The distribution in Oregon of Ixodes pacificus, Dermacentor andersoni, and Dermacentor occidentalis with a note on Dermacentor variabilis (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 13: 501-506.

Eisen, L. 2007. Seasonal pattern of host-seeking activity by the human-biting adult stage of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 44: 359-366.

Eisen, L., A. M. Meyer, and R. J. Eisen. 2007. Climate-based model predicting acarological risk of encountering the human-biting adult life stage of Dermacentor andersoni(Acari: Ixodidae) in a key habitat type in Colorado. Journal of Medical Entomology 44: 694-704.

Eisen, L., L. A. Ibarra-Juarez, R. J. Eisen, and J. Piesman. 2008. Indicators for elevated risk of human exposure to host-seeking adults of the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) in Colorado . Journal of Vector Ecology 33: 117-128.

Garcia, R. 1965. Collection of Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles) with carbon dioxide and its application in studies of Colorado tick fever virus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 14: 1090-1093.

Furman, D. P., and E. C. Loomis. 1984. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 25: 1-239.

Gregson, J. D. 1951. Notes on the spring activity of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 47: 4-7.

Gregson, J. D. 1956. The ixodoidea of Canada . Canada Department of Agriculture Science Service, Publication No. 930.

Herrin, C. S. 1968. Dermacentor andersoni in National Forest recreation sites of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 28: 30-43.

Holland, G. P. 1940. Notes on the ecology of Dermacentor andersoni in southern Alberta. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 36: 8-11.

James, A. M., J. E. Freier, J. E. Keirans, L. A. Durden, J. W. Mertins, and J. L. Schlater. 2006. Distribution, seasonality, and hosts of the Rocky Mountain wood tick in the United States. Journal of Medical Entomology 43: 17-24.

Merten, H. A., and L. A. Durden. 2000. A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States. Journal of Vector Ecology 25: 102-113.

Schaalje, G. B., and P. R. Wilkinson. 1985. Discriminant analysis of vegetational and topographical factors associated with the focal distribution of Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae), on cattle range. Journal of Medical Entomology 22: 315-320.

Sonenshine, D. E., C. E. Yunker, C. M. Clifford, G. M. Clark, and J. A. Rudbach. 1976. Contributions to the ecology of Colorado tick fever virus. 2. Population dynamics and host utilization of immature stages of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni. Journal of Medical Entomology 12: 651-656.

Wilkinson, P. R. 1967. The distribution of Dermacentor ticks in Canada in relation to bioclimatic zones. Canadian Journal of Zoology 45: 517-537.

Wilkinson, P. R. 1968. Phenology, behavior, and host-relations of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles in outdoor "rodentaria", and in nature. Canadian Journal of Zoology 46: 677-689.

Wilkinson, P. R. 1972. Sites of attachment of 'prairie' and 'montane' Dermacentor andersoni (Acarina: Ixodidae) on cattle. Journal of Medical Entomology 9: 133-137.

Wilkinson, P. R. 1977. Effect of herbicidal killing of shrubs on abundance of adult Dermacentor andersoni (Acarina: Ixodidae) in British Columbia. Journal of Medical Entomology 13: 713-718.

Wilkinson, P. R. 1984. Hosts and distribution of Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) at a tick focus in British Columbia rangeland. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 81: 57-71.

Wilkinson, P. R., and J. D. Gregson. 1985. Comparisons of sampling methods for recording the numbers of Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) on cattle and range vegetation during control experiments. Acarologia 26: 131-139.

 

Tick paralysis

Dworkin, M. S., P. C. Shoemaker, and D. E. Anderson. 1999. Tick paralysis: 33 human cases in Washington State, 1946-1996. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29: 1435-1439.

Jellison, W. L., and J. D. Gregson. 1950. Tick paralysis in northwestern United States and British Columbia. Rocky Mountain Medical Journal 47: 28-33.

Kocan, A.A. 1988. Tick paralysis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 192: 1498-1500.

Pape, W. J., K. Gershman, and W. M. Bamberg. 2006. Cluster of tick paralysis cases - Colorado, 2006. MMWR 55: 933-935.

Wilkinson, P. R. 1970. Dermacentor ticks on wildlife and new records of paralysis. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 67: 24-29.

 

Diseases associated with the Rocky Mountain wood tick – Colorado tick fever

Bowen, G. S. 1989. Colorado tick fever virus, pp. 159-176. In M. T. P. [ed.], The arboviruses: Epidemiology and ecology. Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Bowen, G. S., R. B. Shriner, K. S. Pokorny, L. J. Kirk, and R. G. McLean. 1981. Experimental Colorado tick fever virus infection in Colorado mammals. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30: 224-229.

Bowen, G. S., R. G. McLean, R. B. Shriner, D. B. Francy, K. S. Pokorny, J. M. Trimble, R. A. Bolin, A. M. Barnes, C. H. Calisher, and D. J. Muth. 1981b. The ecology of Colorado tick fever in Rocky Mountain National Park in 1974. II. Infection in small mammals. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30: 490-496.

Brown, S. E., B. R. Miller, R. G. McLean, and D. L. Knudson. 1989. Co-circulation of multiple Colorado tick fever virus genotypes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40: 94-101.

Burgdorfer, W. 1977. Tick-borne diseases in the United States: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Colorado tick fever. A review. Acta Tropica 34: 103-126.

Burgdorfer, W., and C. M. Eklund. 1959. Studies on the ecology of Colorado tick fever virus in western Montana. American Journal of Hygiene 69: 127-137.

Burgdorfer, W., and C. M. Eklund. 1960. Colorado tick fever. Further ecological studies in western Monatana. Journal of Infectious Diseases 107: 379-383.

Calisher, C. H. 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7: 89-116.

Carey, A. B., R. G. McLean, and G. O. Maupin. 1980. The structure of a Colorado tick fever ecosystem. Ecological Monographs 50: 131-151.

CDC. 1975. Studies on Colorado tick fever (CTF) in Colorado., pp. 116-138, Vector-Borne Diseases Division 1975 Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Fort Collins, CO.

CDC. 1976. Colorado tick fever (CTF) studies, pp. 47-72, Vector-Borne Diseases Division 1976 Report. Part I: Arbovirus Reference & Research. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Fort Collins, CO.

Clark, G. M., C. M. Clifford, L. V. Fadness, and E. K. Jones. 1970. Contributions to the ecology of Colorado tick fever virus. Journal of Medical Entomology 7: 189-197.

Eads, R. B., and G. C. Smith. 1983. Seasonal activity and Colorado tick fever virus infection rates in Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari Ixodidae), in north-central Colorado, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 20: 49-55.

Eklund, C. M., G. M. Kohls, and W. L. Jellison. 1958. Isolation of Colorado tick fever virus from rodents in Colorado. Science 128: 413.

Emmons, R. W. 1988. Ecology of Colorado tick fever. Annual Review of Microbiology 42: 49-64.

Goodpasture, H. C., J. D. Poland, D. B. Francy, G. S. Bowen, and K. A. Horn. 1978. Colorado tick fever: clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory aspects of 228 cases in Colorado in 1973-1974. Annals of Internal Medicine 88: 303-10.

Klasco, R. 2002. Colorado tick fever., pp. 435-440. In J. A. Edlow [ed.], The Medical Clinics of North America. Tick-borne diseases. W.B. Saunders Company, London.

Marfin, A. A., and G. L. Campbell. 2005. Colorado tick fever and related Coltivirus infections, pp. 143-149. In J. L. Goodman, D. T. Dennis and D. E. Sonenshine [eds.], Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

McLean, R. G., R. B. Shriner, K. S. Pokorny, and G. S. Bowen. 1989. The ecology of Colorado tick fever in Rocky Mountain National Park in 1974. III. Habitats supporting the virus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40: 86-93.

McLean, R. G., A. B. Carey, L. J. Kirk, and D. B. Francy. 1993. Ecology of porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) and Colorado tick fever virus in Rocky Mountain National Park, 1975-1977. Journal of Medical Entomology 30: 236-238.

McLean, R. G., D. B. Francy, G. S. Bowen, R. E. Bailey, C. H. Calisher, and A. M. Barnes. 1981. The ecology of Colorado tick fever in Rocky Mountain National Park in 1974. I. Objectives, study design, and summary of principal findings. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30: 483-489.

Poland, J. D. 1985. Colorado tick fever, pp. 195-197. In R. B. Conn [ed.], Current Diagnosis - 7. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadephia.

Spruance, S. L., and A. Bailey. 1973. Colorado Tick Fever. A review of 115 laboratory confirmed cases. Archives of Internal Medicine 131: 288-93.

 

Diseases associated with the Rocky Mountain wood tick – Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Becker, F. E. 1926. Investigations on Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Colorado. Journal of Infectious Diseases 39: 81-88.

Burgdorfer, W. 1977. Tick-borne diseases in the United States: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Colorado tick fever. A review. Acta Tropica 34: 103-126.

Chapman, A. S., S. M. Murphy, L. J. Demma, R. C. Holman, A. T. Curns, J. H. McQuiston, J. W. Krebs, and D. L. Swerdlow. 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997-2002. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 6: 170-178.

Dalton, M. J., M. J. Clarke, R. C. Holman, J. W. Krebs, D. B. Fishbein, J. G. Olson, and J. E. Childs. 1995. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981-1992 - epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52: 405-413.

Dumler, J. S., and D. H. Walker. 2005. Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Changing ecology and persisting virulence. New England Journal of Medicine 353: 551-553.

Gage, K. L., R. S. Ostfeld, and J. G. Olson. 1995. Nonviral vector-borne zoonoses associated with mammals in the United States. Journal of Mammalogy 76: 695-715.

Macaluso, K. R., and A. A. Azad. 2005. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, pp. 292-301. In J. L. Goodman, D. T. Dennis and D. E. Sonenshine [eds.], Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

Sonenshine, D. E., A. H. Peters, and G. F. Levy. 1972. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in relation to vegetation in the eastern United States, 1951-1971. American Journal of Epidemiology 96: 59-69.

Walker, D. H. 1998. Tick-transmitted infectious diseases in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health 19: 237-269.

Walker, D. H., and T. W. Lane. 1988. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Clinical signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology, pp. 63-78. In D. H. Walker [ed.], Biology of Rickettsial Diseases. CRC Press, London.

 

Diseases associated with the Rocky Mountain wood tick – Tularemia

CDC. 2002. Tularemia: United States, 1990-2000. MMWR 51: 181-184.

Choi, E. 2002. Tularemia and Q fever., pp. 393-416. In J. A. Edlow [ed.], The Medical Clinics of North America. Tick-borne diseases. W.B. Saunders Company, London.

Dennis, D. T., T. V. Inglesby, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher, E. Eitzen, A. D. Fine, A. M. Friedlander, J. Hauer, M. Layton, S. R. Lillibridge, J. E. McDade, M. T. Osterholm, T. O'Toole, G. Parker, T. M. Perl, P. K. Russell, K. Tonat, and B. Working Group on Civilian. 2001. Tularemia as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. JAMA 285: 2763-2773.

Ellis, J., P. C. F. Oyston, M. Green, and R. W. Titball. 2002. Tularemia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15: 631-646.

Farlow, J., D. M. Wagner, M. Dukerich, M. Stanley, M. Chu, K. Kubota, J. Petersen, and P. Keim. 2005. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11: 1835-1841.

Feldman, K. A., R. E. Enscore, S. L. Lathrop, B. T. Matyas, M. McGuill, M. E. Schriefer, D. Stiles-Enos, D. T. Dennis, L. R. Petersen, and E. B. Hayes. 2001. An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. New England Journal of Medicine 345: 1601-1606.

Francis, E. 1921. Tularemia: The occurrence of tularemia in nature as a disease of man. Public Health Reports 36: 1731-1746.

Gage, K. L., R. S. Ostfeld, and J. G. Olson. 1995. Nonviral vector-borne zoonoses associated with mammals in the United States. Journal of Mammalogy 76: 695-715.

Hayes, E. B. 2005. Tularemia, pp. 207-217. In J. L. Goodman, D. T. Dennis and D. E. Sonenshine [eds.], Tick-borne diseases of humans. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

Hopla, C. E. 1974. The ecology of tularemia. Advances in Veterinary Science & Comparative Medicine 18: 25-53.

Jellison, W. L. 1974. Tularemia in North America, 1930-1974. University of Montana, Missoula, MT.

Jellison, W. L., and R. R. Parker. 1945. Rodents, rabbits and tularemia in North America: Some zoological and epidemiological considerations. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 45: 349-362.

Pape, J., K. Gershman, J. M. Petersen, D. D. Ferguson, and J. E. Staples. 2005. Tularemia associated with a hamster bite - Colorado, 2004. MMWR 53: 1202-1203.

Petersen, J. M., and M. E. Schriefer. 2005. Tularemia: emergence/re-emergence. Veterinary Research 36: 455-467.

 

Diseases associated with the Rocky Mountain wood tick – Bovine anaplasmosis

Davidson, W. R., and W. L. Goff. 2001. Anaplasmosis, pp. 455-466. In E. S. Williams and I. K. Barker [eds.], Infectious diseases of wild mammals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.

Kocan, K. M. 1992. Recent advances in the biology of Anaplasma spp. in Dermacentor andersoni ticks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 653: 26-32.

Kocan, K. M., J. A. Hair, S. A. Ewing, and L. G. Stratton. 1981. Transmission of Anaplasma marginale Theiler by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and Dermacentor variabilis (Say). American Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 15-18.

Kocan, K. M., S. J. Barron, S. A. Ewing, and J. A. Hair. 1985. Transmission of Anaplasma marginale by adult Dermacentor andersoni during feeding on calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46: 1565-7.

Kocan, K. M., W. L. Goff, D. Stiller, W. Edwards, S. A. Ewing, P. L. Claypool, T. C. McGuire, J. A. Hair, and S. J. Barron. 1993. Development of Anaplasma marginale in salivary glands of male Dermacentor andersoni. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54: 107-112.

Kocan, K. M., E. F. Blouin, and A. F. Barbet. 2000. Anaplasmosis control. Past, present, and future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916: 501-509.

Kuttler, K. L. 1984. Anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: A review. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 20: 12-20.

Scoles, G. A., M. W. Ueti, and G. H. Palmer. 2005. Variation among geographically separated populations of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) in midgut susceptibility to Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae). Journal of Medical Entomology 42: 153-162.

Scoles, G. A., T. F. Mcelwain, F. R. Rurangirwa, D. P. Knowles, and T. J. Lysyk. 2006. A Canadian bison isolate of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) is not transmissible by Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae), whereas ticks from two Canadian D. andersoni populations are competent vectors of a U.S. strain. Journal of Medical Entomology 43: 971-975.